\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepgfplotslibrary{dateplot}
\usepgfplotslibrary{units}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{pgfplotstable}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\pgfplotsset{/pgf/number format/use comma}

\begin{document}
\pgfplotstableread{
0 0.15
4 144.45
8 143.73
16 144.26
32 148.73
64 256.37
128 282.03
256 253.17
512 269.54
1024 286.83
2048 184.63
4096 324.95
8192 377.51
16384 717.09
32768 866.90
65536 1293.20
}\imballtoall

\begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}[
    	xmin=1,
    	xmax=65536,
    	xmode=log,
        ymin=0,
    	log basis x=2,
        xlabel={Nachrichtengröße [MiB]},
        ylabel={Zugriffszeit [ms]},
        width=15cm, height=10cm,
        change y base=true,
        y SI prefix=kilo
    ]
    	\addplot[smooth,blue] table {\imballtoall};
    \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}