\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepgfplotslibrary{dateplot}
\usepgfplotslibrary{units}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{pgfplotstable}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\pgfplotsset{/pgf/number format/use comma}

\begin{document}
\pgfplotstableread{
0 0.15
1 143.44
2 143.50
4 143.05
8 144.55
16 143.11
32 145.24
64 255.02
128 273.25
256 282.80
512 286.73
1024 287.12
2048 245.55
4096 335.79
8192 371.86
16384 456.60
32768 669.11
65536 2821.84
}\imballtoall

\begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}[
        xmin=1,
        xmax=65536,
        xmode=log,
        ymin=0,
        log basis x=2,
        xlabel={Nachrichtengröße [MiB]},
        ylabel={Zugriffszeit [ms]},
        width=15cm, height=10cm,
        change y base=true,
        y SI prefix=kilo
    ]
    \addplot[smooth,blue] table {\imballtoall};
    \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}