\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepgfplotslibrary{dateplot}
\usepgfplotslibrary{units}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{pgfplotstable}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\pgfplotsset{/pgf/number format/use comma}

\begin{document}
\pgfplotstableread{
0 0.17
1 29772.58
2 30518.69
4 31073.18
8 23189.25
16 9623.66
32 37315.96
64 19665.14
128 37998.11
256 54676.67
512 68468.67
1024 143223.38
2048 9301.88
4096 170422.20
8192 7619.07
16384 27772.60
32768 276603.04
65536 351964.27
}\imballtoall

\begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}[
    	xmin=1,
    	xmax=65536,
    	xmode=log,
        ymin=0,
    	log basis x=2,
        xlabel={Nachrichtengröße [MiB]},
        ylabel={Zugriffszeit [ms]},
        width=15cm, height=10cm,
        change y base=true,
        y SI prefix=kilo
    ]
    	\addplot[smooth,blue] table {\imballtoall};
    \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}